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As the economy continues to look grim, the word
"bankruptcy" is on the tips of more and more
tongues. While being unable to pay one's creditors
is never a good situation for a company or an
individual, it may not be the financial kiss of
death that you might think. (Just ask Donald Trump,
whose casinos have gone bankrupt twice.)
Abraham Lincoln was just one of
several U.S. presidents who declared
bankruptcy during their lifetimes.
A number of successful people
have found themselves overextended and ended up
filing for bankruptcy, only to successfully stick it
out and find firmer financial footing again.
Here are a few famous names who
knew what it's like to be strapped for cash:
1. Abraham
Lincoln
His face may now appear on the
penny, but at one time, Lincoln didn't have a single
cent to spare. Lincoln tried many occupations as a
young man, including buying a general store in New
Salem, Illinois, in 1832.
While he may have been terrific
at splitting rails, winning debates, and wearing
stovepipe hats, Honest Abe wasn't much of a
shopkeeper. Lincoln and his partner started buying
out other stores' inventories on credit, but their
own sales were dismal.
As the store's debts mounted,
Lincoln sold his share, but when his partner died,
the future President became liable for $1,000 in
back payments. Lincoln didn't have modern bankruptcy
laws to protect him, so when his creditors took him
to court, he lost his two remaining assets: a horse
and some surveying gear. That wasn't enough to foot
his bill, though, and Lincoln continued paying off
his debts until well into the 1840s.
Lincoln's not alone in the
annals of bankrupt commanders-in-chief, though.
Ulysses S. Grant went bankrupt after leaving office
when a partner in an investment-banking venture
swindled him.
Thomas Jefferson filed for
bankruptcy several times, including after leaving
office, possibly because he threw around a lot of
cash on food and wine.
William McKinley went bankrupt
while serving as Ohio's governor in 1893; he was
$130,000 in the red before eventually straightening
out with the help of friends. He won the White House
just three years later.
2. Henry
Ford
Speculation abounds about the
future of the Big Three motor companies, leading
some observers to wonder what Henry Ford would think
of this financial peril. Ford actually couldn't be
too judgmental, though, because he was no stranger
to debt himself.
In 1899 the young mechanic and
engineer started the Detroit Automobile Company with
the backing of three prominent politicians. Ford
hadn't quite mastered the innovation and production
techniques that would eventually make him rich,
though. Over the next two years, Ford proved to be
too much of a perfectionist, and his plant only
produced 20 cars as he painstakingly tinkered with
designs.
The enterprise went bankrupt in
1901 and reorganized into the Henry Ford Company
later that year. Ford eventually left that group and
finally got things right in 1903, when he founded
the Ford Motor Company. Things didn't go so badly
for the Henry Ford Company after he left, either; it
changed its name into one you might find a bit more
recognizable: the Cadillac Automobile Company.
Ford wasn't the only auto
magnate who knew how bankruptcy felt, though.
General Motors founder William Crapo Durant took a
massive hit during the Great Depression that saw his
fortune fall from $120 million to bankruptcy. He
spent his last few years running a bowling alley in
Flint, Michigan.
3. Walt
Disney
His name may be a stalwart brand
today, but early in his career, Disney was just a
struggling filmmaker with too many bills. In 1922 he
started his first film company with a partner in
Kansas City, Kansas.
The two men bought a used camera
and made short advertising films and cartoons under
the studio name Laugh-O-Gram. Disney even signed a
deal with a New York company to distribute the films
he was producing. That arrangement didn't work out
so well, though, as the distributor cheated Disney's
studio.
Without the distributor's cash,
Disney couldn't cover his overhead, and his studio
went bankrupt in 1923. He then left Kansas City for
Hollywood, and after a series of increasingly
successful creations, Disney debuted a new character
named Mickey Mouse in 1928.
4. Milton
Hershey
Milton Hershey always knew he
could make candy, but running a successful business
seemed just out of his reach. Although he never had
a formal education, Hershey spent four years
apprenticing in a candy shop before striking out on
his own in Philadelphia in 1876.
Six years later, his shop went
under, as did a subsequent attempt to peddle sweets
in New York City. Hershey then returned home to
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he pioneered the use
of fresh milk in caramel productions and founded the
successful Lancaster Caramel Company.
In 1900 he sold the caramel
company for $1 million so he could focus on
perfecting a milk chocolate formula. Once he finally
nailed the recipe down, he was too rich (and too
flush with delicious chocolate) for anyone to
remember the flops of his early candy ventures.
5. Burt
Reynolds
Burt Reynolds was one of
Hollywood's biggest stars of the 1970s.
Unfortunately, though, he spent money like his
career would never hit a downswing. He owned
mansions on both coasts, a helicopter, and a lavish
Florida ranch.
Gradually, his financial
situation got grimmer as he made boneheaded career
choices and weathered a pricey divorce from Loni
Anderson. By 1996, the Bandit owed $10 million to
his creditors, and the royalties from "Cop and a
Half" just weren't flowing in quickly enough.
Reynolds declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy, from which
he emerged in 1998.
Not only did he not have to sell
his trademark mustache at auction to pay his bills,
Reynolds even got to keep his Florida estate,
Valhalla. This homestead exemption raised the ire of
some observers who didn't think hanging on to a $2.5
million mansion while writing off $8 million in debt
was quite in the spirit of bankruptcy laws'
provisions about keeping one's home.
In fact, when the Senate passed
measures tightening these loopholes in 2001,
Reynolds' keeping his ranch was one of the examples
they used to decry bankruptcy proceedings as going
too easy on the wealthy. "There is no greater
bankruptcy abuse than this," said Wisconsin Senator
Herb Kohl.
6. H.J.
Heinz
When Heinz was just 25 years
old, he and two partners began a company that made
horseradish. As the legend goes, the spicy root was
the first of Heinz's famed 57 varieties, but it
wasn't as lucrative as he'd hoped. A business panic
in 1875 bankrupted his enterprise, but Heinz's
passion for condiments remained strong.
The very next year, Heinz got
together with his brother and a cousin to start a
new company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The
reorganized group started making ketchup, and the
business took off. Last year the H.J. Heinz Company
had over $10 billion in revenue.
7. P.T.
Barnum
Famous showman P.T. Barnum was
always quick with a quip, but he wasn't so snappy
about paying back his loans. Although he was
successful showing off oddities in New York and
around the globe, Barnum had a habit of borrowing
cash from anyone who would open their wallet for
him.
He'd use these funds to buy real
estate, particularly around Bridgeport, Connecticut,
where he was trying to foster industrial
development. Unfortunately for Barnum, he went too
far with borrowed cash, and in 1855, things bottomed
out. Barnum was bankrupt and owed his creditors
nearly half a million dollars.
Barnum didn't give up, though,
and he slowly worked himself out of debt over the
next five years. The showman gave lectures around
England about showmanship and making money, and he
regained control of his main attraction, The
American Museum in New York City, in 1860.
In 1871, just
a few months shy of his 61st birthday, Barnum
entered the circus business with Barnum's Grand
Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Circus,
which raked in over $400,000 in its first year.
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